using System;using System.Runtime.InteropServices;namespace MiscUtil.Conversion{    /// <summary>    /// Equivalent of System.BitConverter, but with either endianness.    /// </summary>    public abstract class EndianBitConverter    {        #region Endianness of this converter        /// <summary>        /// Indicates the byte order ("endianess") in which data is converted using this class.        /// </summary>        /// <remarks>        /// Different computer architectures store data using different byte orders. "Big-endian"        /// means the most significant byte is on the left end of a Word. "Little-endian" means the        /// most significant byte is on the right end of a word.        /// </remarks>        /// <returns>true if this converter is little-endian, false otherwise.</returns>        public abstract bool IsLittleEndian();        /// <summary>        /// Indicates the byte order ("endianess") in which data is converted using this class.        /// </summary>        public abstract Endianness Endianness { get; }        #endregion        #region Factory PRoperties        static LittleEndianBitConverter little = new LittleEndianBitConverter();        /// <summary>        /// Returns a little-endian bit converter instance. The same instance is        /// always returned.        /// </summary>        public static LittleEndianBitConverter Little        {            get { return little; }        }        static BigEndianBitConverter big = new BigEndianBitConverter();        /// <summary>        /// Returns a big-endian bit converter instance. The same instance is        /// always returned.        /// </summary>        public static BigEndianBitConverter Big        {            get { return big; }        }        #endregion        #region Double/primitive conversions        /// <summary>        /// Converts the specified double-precision floating point number to a        /// 64-bit signed integer. Note: the endianness of this converter does not        /// affect the returned value.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert. </param>        /// <returns>A 64-bit signed integer whose value is equivalent to value.</returns>        public long DoubleToInt64Bits(double value)        {            return BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(value);        }        /// <summary>        /// Converts the specified 64-bit signed integer to a double-precision        /// floating point number. Note: the endianness of this converter does not        /// affect the returned value.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert. </param>        /// <returns>A double-precision floating point number whose value is equivalent to value.</returns>        public double Int64BitsToDouble (long value)        {            return BitConverter.Int64BitsToDouble(value);        }        /// <summary>        /// Converts the specified single-precision floating point number to a        /// 32-bit signed integer. Note: the endianness of this converter does not        /// affect the returned value.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert. </param>        /// <returns>A 32-bit signed integer whose value is equivalent to value.</returns>        public int SingleToInt32Bits(float value)        {            return new Int32SingleUnion(value).AsInt32;        }        /// <summary>        /// Converts the specified 32-bit signed integer to a single-precision floating point        /// number. Note: the endianness of this converter does not        /// affect the returned value.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert. </param>        /// <returns>A single-precision floating point number whose value is equivalent to value.</returns>        public float Int32BitsToSingle (int value)        {            return new Int32SingleUnion(value).AsSingle;        }        #endregion        #region To(PrimitiveType) conversions        /// <summary>        /// Returns a Boolean value converted from one byte at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>true if the byte at startIndex in value is nonzero; otherwise, false.</returns>        public bool ToBoolean (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            CheckByteArgument(value, startIndex, 1);            return BitConverter.ToBoolean(value, startIndex);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a Unicode character converted from two bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A character formed by two bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public char ToChar (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return unchecked((char) (CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 2)));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a double-precision floating point number converted from eight bytes        /// at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A double precision floating point number formed by eight bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public double ToDouble (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return Int64BitsToDouble(ToInt64(value, startIndex));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a single-precision floating point number converted from four bytes        /// at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A single precision floating point number formed by four bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public float ToSingle (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return Int32BitsToSingle(ToInt32(value, startIndex));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a 16-bit signed integer converted from two bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A 16-bit signed integer formed by two bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public short ToInt16 (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return unchecked((short) (CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 2)));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a 32-bit signed integer converted from four bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A 32-bit signed integer formed by four bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public int ToInt32 (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return unchecked((int) (CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 4)));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a 64-bit signed integer converted from eight bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A 64-bit signed integer formed by eight bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public long ToInt64 (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 8);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a 16-bit unsigned integer converted from two bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A 16-bit unsigned integer formed by two bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public ushort ToUInt16 (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return unchecked((ushort) (CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 2)));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a 32-bit unsigned integer converted from four bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A 32-bit unsigned integer formed by four bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public uint ToUInt32 (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return unchecked((uint) (CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 4)));        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a 64-bit unsigned integer converted from eight bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A 64-bit unsigned integer formed by eight bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public ulong ToUInt64 (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return unchecked((ulong) (CheckedFromBytes(value, startIndex, 8)));        }        /// <summary>        /// Checks the given argument for validity.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The byte array passed in</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The start index passed in</param>        /// <param name="bytesRequired">The number of bytes required</param>        /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException">value is a null reference</exception>        /// <exception cref="ArgumentOutOfRangeException">        /// startIndex is less than zero or greater than the length of value minus bytesRequired.        /// </exception>        static void CheckByteArgument(byte[] value, int startIndex, int bytesRequired)        {            if (value==null)            {                throw new ArgumentNullException("value");            }            if (startIndex < 0 || startIndex > value.Length-bytesRequired)            {                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("startIndex");            }        }        /// <summary>        /// Checks the arguments for validity before calling FromBytes        /// (which can therefore assume the arguments are valid).        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The bytes to convert after checking</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The index of the first byte to convert</param>        /// <param name="bytesToConvert">The number of bytes to convert</param>        /// <returns></returns>        long CheckedFromBytes(byte[] value, int startIndex, int bytesToConvert)        {            CheckByteArgument(value, startIndex, bytesToConvert);            return FromBytes(value, startIndex, bytesToConvert);        }        /// <summary>        /// Convert the given number of bytes from the given array, from the given start        /// position, into a long, using the bytes as the least significant part of the long.        /// By the time this is called, the arguments have been checked for validity.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The bytes to convert</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The index of the first byte to convert</param>        /// <param name="bytesToConvert">The number of bytes to use in the conversion</param>        /// <returns>The converted number</returns>        protected abstract long FromBytes(byte[] value, int startIndex, int bytesToConvert);        #endregion        #region ToString conversions        /// <summary>        /// Returns a String converted from the elements of a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <remarks>All the elements of value are converted.</remarks>        /// <returns>        /// A String of hexadecimal pairs separated by hyphens, where each pair        /// represents the corresponding element in value; for example, "7F-2C-4A".        /// </returns>        public static string ToString(byte[] value)        {            return BitConverter.ToString(value);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a String converted from the elements of a byte array starting at a specified array position.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <remarks>The elements from array position startIndex to the end of the array are converted.</remarks>        /// <returns>        /// A String of hexadecimal pairs separated by hyphens, where each pair        /// represents the corresponding element in value; for example, "7F-2C-4A".        /// </returns>        public static string ToString(byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            return BitConverter.ToString(value, startIndex);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns a String converted from a specified number of bytes at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <param name="length">The number of bytes to convert.</param>        /// <remarks>The length elements from array position startIndex are converted.</remarks>        /// <returns>        /// A String of hexadecimal pairs separated by hyphens, where each pair        /// represents the corresponding element in value; for example, "7F-2C-4A".        /// </returns>        public static string ToString(byte[] value, int startIndex, int length)        {            return BitConverter.ToString(value, startIndex, length);        }        #endregion        #region    Decimal conversions        /// <summary>        /// Returns a decimal value converted from sixteen bytes        /// at a specified position in a byte array.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">An array of bytes.</param>        /// <param name="startIndex">The starting position within value.</param>        /// <returns>A decimal  formed by sixteen bytes beginning at startIndex.</returns>        public decimal ToDecimal (byte[] value, int startIndex)        {            // HACK: This always assumes four parts, each in their own endianness,            // starting with the first part at the start of the byte array.            // On the other hand, there's no real format specified...            int[] parts = new int[4];            for (int i=0; i < 4; i++)            {                parts[i] = ToInt32(value, startIndex+i*4);            }            return new Decimal(parts);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified decimal value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 16.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(decimal value)        {            byte[] bytes = new byte[16];            int[] parts = decimal.GetBits(value);            for (int i=0; i < 4; i++)            {                CopyBytesImpl(parts[i], 4, bytes, i*4);            }            return bytes;        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified decimal value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">A character to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(decimal value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            int[] parts = decimal.GetBits(value);            for (int i=0; i < 4; i++)            {                CopyBytesImpl(parts[i], 4, buffer, i*4+index);            }        }        #endregion        #region GetBytes conversions        /// <summary>        /// Returns an array with the given number of bytes formed        /// from the least significant bytes of the specified value.        /// This is used to implement the other GetBytes methods.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The value to get bytes for</param>        /// <param name="bytes">The number of significant bytes to return</param>        byte[] GetBytes(long value, int bytes)        {            byte[] buffer = new byte[bytes];            CopyBytes(value, bytes, buffer, 0);            return buffer;        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified Boolean value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">A Boolean value.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 1.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(bool value)        {            return BitConverter.GetBytes(value);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified Unicode character value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">A character to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 2.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(char value)        {            return GetBytes(value, 2);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified double-precision floating point value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 8.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(double value)        {            return GetBytes(DoubleToInt64Bits(value), 8);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified 16-bit signed integer value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 2.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(short value)        {            return GetBytes(value, 2);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified 32-bit signed integer value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 4.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(int value)        {            return GetBytes(value, 4);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified 64-bit signed integer value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 8.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(long value)        {            return GetBytes(value, 8);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified single-precision floating point value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 4.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(float value)        {            return GetBytes(SingleToInt32Bits(value), 4);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified 16-bit unsigned integer value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 2.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(ushort value)        {            return GetBytes(value, 2);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified 32-bit unsigned integer value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 4.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(uint value)        {            return GetBytes(value, 4);        }        /// <summary>        /// Returns the specified 64-bit unsigned integer value as an array of bytes.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <returns>An array of bytes with length 8.</returns>        public byte[] GetBytes(ulong value)        {            return GetBytes(unchecked((long)value), 8);        }        #endregion        #region CopyBytes conversions        /// <summary>        /// Copies the given number of bytes from the least-specific        /// end of the specified value into the specified byte array, beginning        /// at the specified index.        /// This is used to implement the other CopyBytes methods.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The value to copy bytes for</param>        /// <param name="bytes">The number of significant bytes to copy</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        void CopyBytes(long value, int bytes, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            if (buffer==null)            {                throw new ArgumentNullException("buffer", "Byte array must not be null");            }            if (buffer.Length < index+bytes)            {                throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("Buffer not big enough for value");            }            CopyBytesImpl(value, bytes, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the given number of bytes from the least-specific        /// end of the specified value into the specified byte array, beginning        /// at the specified index.        /// This must be implemented in concrete derived classes, but the implementation        /// may assume that the value will fit into the buffer.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The value to copy bytes for</param>        /// <param name="bytes">The number of significant bytes to copy</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        protected abstract void CopyBytesImpl(long value, int bytes, byte[] buffer, int index);        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified Boolean value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">A Boolean value.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(bool value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value ? 1 : 0, 1, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified Unicode character value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">A character to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(char value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value, 2, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified double-precision floating point value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(double value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(DoubleToInt64Bits(value), 8, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified 16-bit signed integer value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(short value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value, 2, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified 32-bit signed integer value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(int value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value, 4, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified 64-bit signed integer value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(long value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value, 8, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified single-precision floating point value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(float value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(SingleToInt32Bits(value), 4, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified 16-bit unsigned integer value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(ushort value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value, 2, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified 32-bit unsigned integer value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(uint value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(value, 4, buffer, index);        }        /// <summary>        /// Copies the specified 64-bit unsigned integer value into the specified byte array,        /// beginning at the specified index.        /// </summary>        /// <param name="value">The number to convert.</param>        /// <param name="buffer">The byte array to copy the bytes into</param>        /// <param name="index">The first index into the array to copy the bytes into</param>        public void CopyBytes(ulong value, byte[] buffer, int index)        {            CopyBytes(unchecked((long)value), 8, buffer, index);        }        #endregion        #region Private struct used for Single/Int32 conversions        /// <summary>        /// Union used solely for the equivalent of DoubleToInt64Bits and vice versa.        /// </summary>        [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]            struct Int32SingleUnion        {            /// <summary>            /// Int32 version of the value.            /// </summary>            [FieldOffset(0)]            int i;            /// <summary>            /// Single version of the value.            /// </summary>            [FieldOffset(0)]            float f;            /// <summary>            /// Creates an instance representing the given integer.            /// </summary>            /// <param name="i">The integer value of the new instance.</param>            internal Int32SingleUnion(int i)            {                this.f = 0; // Just to keep the compiler happy                this.i = i;            }            /// <summary>            /// Creates an instance representing the given floating point number.            /// </summary>            /// <param name="f">The floating point value of the new instance.</param>            internal Int32SingleUnion(float f)            {                this.i = 0; // Just to keep the compiler happy                this.f = f;            }            /// <summary>            /// Returns the value of the instance as an integer.            /// </summary>            internal int AsInt32            {                get { return i; }            }            /// <summary>            /// Returns the value of the instance as a floating point number.            /// </summary>            internal float AsSingle            {                get { return f; }            }        }        #endregion    }}