arrays
declaringmulti-dimensionallookupassociative arraysassignmentThis sections specifies(指定) how arrays are declared and used in ChucK. Some quick notes: * arrays can be indexed by integer(整數) (0-indexed). * any array can also be used as an associative(聯想的) map, indexed by strings. * it is important to note that the integer-indexed portion(部分) and the associative portion of an array are stored in separate namespaces * arrays are objects, and will behave similarly under reference assignment(引用賦值) and other Operations common to objects.
Arrays(數組) can be declared in the following way:
// declare 10 element array of int, called fooint foo[10];// since array of int (PRimitive type), the contents// are automatically initialized to 0Arrays can also be initialized(初始化):
// chuck intializer(初始化器，程序) to array reference[ 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 ] @=> int foo[];In the above code, there are several things to note: * initializers must contain the same or similar types. the compiler(編譯器) will attempt to find the highest common base type of all the elements(元素). if no such common element is found, an error is reported. * the type of the initializer [ 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 ] is int[]. the intializer is an array that can be used directly when arrays are expected. * the at-chuck operator (@=>) means assignment(分配), and is discussed at length(詳細地) in operators and operations. * int foo[] is declaring an empty reference(引用) to an array(數組). the statement(聲明) assigns(分配) the initializer array to foo. * arrays are objects.
When declaring an array of objects, the objects inside the array are automatically(自動的) instantiated(實例化).
// objects in arrays are automatically instantiatedObject group[10];If you only want an array of object references:(對象引用數組)
// array of null object referencesObject @ group[10];Check here more information on object declaration and instantation in Chuck.
The above examples are 1-dimensional arrays (or vectors(矢量)).
It is possible (and equally easy) to declare multi-dimensional arrays:
// declare 4 by 6 by 8 array of floatfloat foo3D[4][6][8];//和C還是很像Initializers work in similar ways:
// declare 2 by 2 array of int[ [1,3], [2,4] ] @=> int bar[][];In the above code, note the two [][] since we make a matrix.
Elements in an array can be accessed using [] /(in the appropriate quantities).
// declare an array of floats[ 3.2, 5.0, 7 ] @=> float foo[];// access the 0th element (debug print)<<< foo[0] >>>; // hopefully 3.2// set the 2nd element8.5 => foo[2];Looping over the elements of an array:
// array of floats again[ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ] @=> int foo[];//官方的例子這里是float，但是實際測試，整型不可以被分配到float里。// loop over the entire arrayfor( 0 => int i; i < foo.cap(); i++ )//foo.cap(){ // do something (debug print) <<< foo[i] >>>;//自帶換行}Accessing multi-dimensional array:
// 2D arrayint foo[4][4];// set an element10 => foo[2][2];If the index exceeds(超過) the bounds of the array in any dimension(標出尺寸), an exception(異常) is issued(被放出) and the current shred(片段) is halted(停止).
// array capacity is 5int foo[5];// this should cause ArrayOutOfBoundsException// access element 6 (index 5)<<< foo[5] >>>;a longer program: otf_06.ck from examples:
(類似于python中的字典，用字符串索引)
Any array(數組) can be used also as an associative array, indexed on strings. Once the regular array is instantiated, no further work has to be done to make it associative as well - just start using it as such.
// declare regular array(正規數組) (capacity(容量) doesn't matter so much)float foo[4];// use as int-based array2.5 => foo[0];// use as associative array4.0 => foo["yoyo"];// access as associative (print)<<< foo["yoyo"] >>>;// access empty element<<< foo["gaga"] >>>; // -> should print 0.0It is important to note (again), that the address space of the integer(整數) portion(部分) and the associative portion of the array are completely separate. For example:
// declare arrayint foo[2];// put something in element 010 => foo[0];// put something in element "0"20 => foo["0"];// this should print out 10 20<<< foo[0], foo["0"] >>>;The capacity(容量) of an array relates only to the integer portion of it. An array with an integer portion of capacity 0, for example, can still have any number of associative indexes.
// declare array of 0 capacityint foo[0];// put something in element "here"20 => foo["here"];// this should print out 20<<< foo["here"] >>>// this should cause an exception<<< foo[0] >>>Note: The associative capacity of an array is not defined(定義), so objects used in the associative namespace must be explicitly(明確的) instantiated, in contrast(對比) to those in the integer namespace (此處不甚明白)
Accessing an uninstantiated element(元素) of the associate array will return a null reference. Please check the class documentation page for an explanation of ChucK objects and references.
class Item { float weight; }Item box[10]; // integer indices(指數；目錄（index的復數）) ( up to capacity ) are pre-instantiated.1.2 => box[1].weight; // instantiate element "lamp";new Item @=> box["lamp"]; // access allowed to "lamp"2.0 => box["lamp"].weight; // access causes a `NullPointerException` 2.0 => box["sweater"].weight;Arrays are objects. So when we declare an array, we are actually
(1) declaring a reference to array (reference variable(引用變量))(2) instantiating a new array and reference assigned(分配) to the variable.A (null) reference is a reference variable that points to no object or null. A null reference to an array can be created in this fashion:
// declare array reference (by not specifying(指定) a capacity)int foo[];// we can now assign any int[] to foo[ 1, 2, 3 ] @=> foo;// print out 0th element<<< foo[0] >>>;This is also useful in declaring functions that have arrays(數組) as arguments or return type.
// our functionfun void print( int bar[] ){ // print it for( 0 => int i; i < bar.cap(); i++ ) <<< bar[0] >>>;}// we can call the function with a literalprint( [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ] );// or can we can pass a reference variableint foo[10];print( foo );Like other objects, it is possible make multiple references(多個引用) to a single array. Like other objects, all assignments(分配) are reference assignments, meaning the contents are NOT copied, only a reference to array is duplicated(被復制).(傳遞引用)
// our single arrayint the_array[10];// assign reference to foo and barthe_array => int foo[] => int bar[];// (the_array, foo, and bar now all reference the same array)// we change the_array and print foo...// they reference the same array, changing one is like changing the other// 連鎖反應，內存中的存儲信息改變了5 => the_array[0];<<< foo[0] >>>; // should be 5It is possible to reference sub-sections(小節) of multi-dimensional(多維) arrays.
// a 3D arrayint foo3D[4][4][4];// we can make a reference to a sub-sectionfoo3D[2] => int bar[][];// (note that the dimensions must add up!)新聞熱點
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