PHP 5.4中的traits,是新引入的特性,用于實現代碼重用的方法,下面我們就一起來看看PHP使用traits實現代碼復用的例子,希望文章可以幫助到各位.
PHP5.4后新增traits實現代碼復用機制,Trait和類相似,但不能被實例化,無需繼承,只需要在類中使用關鍵詞use引入即可,可引入多個Traits,用','隔開.
(1)Trait簡單使用
- <?php
- trait A {
- public $var1 = 'test1';
- public function test1() {
- echo 'trait A::test1()';
- }
- }
- trait B {
- public $var2 = 'test2';
- public function test2() {
- echo 'trait B::test2()';
- }
- }
- class C {
- use A,B;
- }
- $c = new C();
- echo $c->var1; //test1
- $c->test2(); //trait B::test2()
- ?>
(2)優先級問題
Trait會覆蓋繼承的方法,當前類會覆蓋Trait方法.
- trait A {
- public $var1 = 'test';
- public function test() {
- echo 'A::test()';
- }
- public function test1() {
- echo 'A::test1()';
- }
- }
- class B {
- public function test() {
- echo 'B::test()';
- }
- public function test1() {
- echo 'B::test1()';
- }
- }
- class C extends B{
- use A;
- public function test() {
- echo 'c::test()';
- } //開源軟件:Vevb.com
- }
- $c = new C();
- $c->test(); //c::test()
- $c->test1(); //A::test1()
(3)多個Trait沖突問題
如果沒有解決沖突,會產生致命錯誤,可用insteadof來明確使用沖突中哪一個方法,可用as操作符將其中一個沖突方法另起名.
- trait A {
- public function test() {
- echo 'A::test()';
- }
- }
- trait B {
- public function test() {
- echo 'B::test()';
- }
- }
- class C {
- use A,B {
- B::test insteadof A;
- B::test as t;
- }
- }
- $c = new C();
- $c->test(); //B::test()
- $c->t(); //B::test() 可以用as另起名
(4)as可用來修改方法訪問控制
- trait HelloWorld {
- public function sayHello () {
- echo 'Hello World!' ;
- }
- }
- // 修改 sayHello 的訪問控制
- class A {
- use HelloWorld { sayHello as protected; }
- }
- // 給方法一個改變了訪問控制的別名
- // 原版 sayHello 的訪問控制則沒有發生變化
- class B {
- use HelloWorld { sayHello as private myPrivateHello ; }
- }
- $b = new A();
- $b->sayHello(); //Fatal error: Call to protected method A::sayHello() from context ''
(5)Trait中使用Trait
- trait A {
- public function test1() {
- echo 'test1';
- }
- }
- trait B {
- public function test2() {
- echo 'test2';
- }
- }
- trait C {
- use A,B;
- }
- class D {
- use C;
- }
- $d = new D();
- $d->test2(); //test2
(6)Trait支持抽象方法、支持靜態方法、不可以直接定義靜態變量,但靜態變量可被trait方法引用.
- trait A {
- public function test1() {
- static $a = 0;
- $a++;
- echo $a;
- }
- abstract public function test2(); //可定義抽象方法
- }
- class B {
- use A;
- public function test2() {
- }
- }
- $b = new B();
- $b->test1(); //1
- $b->test1(); //2
(7)Trait可定義屬性,但類中不能定義同樣名稱屬性.
- trait A {
- public $test1;
- }
- class B {
- use A;
- public $test2;
- }
接著看.
- <?php
- trait Drive {
- public $carName = 'trait';
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving {$this->carName}\n";
- }
- }
- class Person {
- public function eat() {
- echo "eat\n";
- }
- }
- class Student extends Person {
- use Drive;
- public function study() {
- echo "study\n";
- }
- }
- $student = new Student();
- $student->study();
- $student->eat();
- $student->driving();
- //輸出結果如下:
- study
- eat
- driving trait
上面的例子中,Student類通過繼承Person,有了eat方法,通過組合Drive,有了driving方法和屬性carName.
如果Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個同名的屬性或者方法,最終會保留哪一個呢?通過下面的代碼測試一下:
- <?php
- trait Drive {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello drive\n";
- }
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving from drive\n";
- }
- }
- class Person {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello person\n";
- }
- public function driving() {
- echo "driving from person\n";
- }
- }
- class Student extends Person {
- use Drive;
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello student\n";
- }
- }
- $student = new Student();
- $student->hello();
- $student->driving();
- //輸出結果如下:
- hello student
- driving from drive
因此得出結論:當方法或屬性同名時,當前類中的方法會覆蓋 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法.
如果要組合多個Trait,通過逗號分隔 Trait名稱:use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多個Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時,會怎樣呢?答案是當組合的多個Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時,需要明確聲明解決沖突,否則會產生一個致命錯誤.
- <?php
- trait Trait1 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait1::hello\n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait1::hi\n";
- }
- }
- trait Trait2 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait2::hello\n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait2::hi\n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Trait1, Trait2;
- }
- //輸出結果如下:
- PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符來解決沖突,insteadof是使用某個方法替代另一個,而as是給方法取一個別名,具體用法請看代碼:
- <?php
- trait Trait1 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait1::hello\n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait1::hi\n";
- }
- }
- trait Trait2 {
- public function hello() {
- echo "Trait2::hello\n";
- }
- public function hi() {
- echo "Trait2::hi\n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Trait1, Trait2 {
- Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
- Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
- }
- }
- class Class2 {
- use Trait1, Trait2 {
- Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
- Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
- Trait2::hi as hei;
- Trait1::hello as hehe;
- }
- }
- $Obj1 = new Class1();
- $Obj1->hello();
- $Obj1->hi();
- echo "\n";
- $Obj2 = new Class2();
- $Obj2->hello();
- $Obj2->hi();
- $Obj2->hei();
- $Obj2->hehe();
- //輸出結果如下:
- Trait2::hello
- Trait1::hi
- Trait2::hello
- Trait1::hi
- Trait2::hi
- Trait1::hello
as關鍵詞還有另外一個用途,那就是修改方法的訪問控制:
- <?php
- trait Hello {
- public function hello() {
- echo "hello,trait\n";
- }
- }
- class Class1 {
- use Hello {
- hello as protected;
- }
- }
- class Class2 {
- use Hello {
- Hello::hello as private hi;
- }
- }
- $Obj1 = new Class1();
- $Obj1->hello(); # 報致命錯誤,因為hello方法被修改成受保護的
- $Obj2 = new Class2();
- $Obj2->hello(); # 原來的hello方法仍然是公共的
- $Obj2->hi(); # 報致命錯誤,因為別名hi方法被修改成私有的
- ?>
Trait 也能組合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態屬性及靜態方法,測試代碼如下:
- <?php
- trait Hello {
- public function sayHello() {
- echo "Hello\n";
- }
- }
- trait World {
- use Hello;
- public function sayWorld() {
- echo "World\n";
- }
- abstract public function getWorld();
- public function inc() {
- static $c = 0;
- $c = $c + 1;
- echo "$c\n";
- }
- public static function doSomething() {
- echo "Doing something\n";
- }
- }
- class HelloWorld {
- use World;
- public function getWorld() {
- return 'get World';
- }
- }
- $Obj = new HelloWorld();
- $Obj->sayHello();
- $Obj->sayWorld();
- echo $Obj->getWorld() . "\n";
- HelloWorld::doSomething();
- $Obj->inc();
- $Obj->inc();
- //輸出結果如下:
- Hello
- World
- get World
- Doing something
- 1
- 2
- ?>
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