Docker鏡像的首行從FROM alpine之類的鏡像開始,但是最初的基礎鏡像是如何創建的,本文使用一個busybox創建一個基礎鏡像,相信在此過程中會對docker一些相關的概念有進一步的理解。
什么是基礎鏡像(base image)
簡單來說,基礎鏡像就是沒有From或者FROM scratch開頭的Dockerfile所構建出來的鏡像。比如alpine,這個很小的linux鏡像目前只有4M左右
[root@kong ~]# docker images |grep alpinedocker.io/alpine latest 3fd9065eaf02 4 months ago 4.15 MB[root@kong ~]#
它的Dockerfile很簡單,只有三行,這就是一個基礎鏡像,
FROM scratchADD rootfs.tar.xz /CMD ["/bin/sh"]
在接下來的文章中我們將會像alpine那樣來創建一個自己的基礎鏡像。
busybox
概要說明
busybox被稱為嵌入式linux的瑞士軍刀,這句話是在busybox自己介紹自己的時候提出的(The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux)。busybox整合了很多小的unix下的通用功能到一個小的可執行文件之中,簡單來說在unix或者linux下常用的那些功能在這里你都能找到,但是為了busybox的目標:嵌入式的linux,大小對于busybox來說是非常重要的優化要素和限制,這些功能有可能會有所閹割,但是對于一般需求來說已經足夠。而alpine就是在busybox基礎上增加了自己的包管理工具apk等功能創建了風靡一時的小巧鏡像。busybox是用C語言開發的基于GPL的開源項目,目前的穩定版本為1.28.4
宿主機器
[root@kong ~]# uname -aLinux kong 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Aug 22 21:09:27 UTC 2017 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux[root@kong ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core) [root@kong ~]#
下載busybox
簡單可以直接使用的二進制最新的版本為1.28.1
[root@kong ~]# wget https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/1.28.1-defconfig-multiarch/busybox-x86_64--2018-05-25 04:51:20-- https://busybox.net/downloads/binaries/1.28.1-defconfig-multiarch/busybox-x86_64Resolving busybox.net (busybox.net)... 140.211.167.122Connecting to busybox.net (busybox.net)|140.211.167.122|:443... connected.HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OKLength: 1001112 (978K)Saving to: 'busybox-x86_64'100%[==============================================================================================>] 1,001,112 19.3KB/s in 30s 2018-05-25 04:51:57 (32.4 KB/s) - 'busybox-x86_64' saved [1001112/1001112][root@kong ~]#
設定busybox
[root@kong ~]# cp busybox-x86_64 /usr/local/bin/busybox[root@kong ~]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/busybox[root@kong ~]# which busybox/usr/local/bin/busybox[root@kong ~]#
版本確認
輸入busybox可以看出版本以及熟悉的linux下的工具,仔細看一遍就會理解busybox號稱自己是瑞士軍刀一點都不夸張,反過來說,瑞士軍刀如果敢號稱linux里的busybox可能會引起非議。
[root@kong ~]# busyboxBusyBox v1.28.1 (2018-02-15 14:34:02 CET) multi-call binary.BusyBox is copyrighted by many authors between 1998-2015.Licensed under GPLv2. See source distribution for detailedcopyright notices.Usage: busybox [function [arguments]...] or: busybox --list[-full] or: busybox --install [-s] [DIR] or: function [arguments]... BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox will act like whatever it was invoked as.Currently defined functions: [, [[, acpid, add-shell, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, arch, arp, arping, ash, awk, base64, basename, beep, blkdiscard, blkid, blockdev, bootchartd, brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chat, chattr, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, conspy, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw, cttyhack, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, devmem, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname, dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg-deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep, eject, env, envdir, envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, factor, fakeidentd, fallocate, false, fatattr, fbset, fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs, flock, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fsfreeze, fstrim, fsync, ftpd, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip, halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hexedit, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush, hwclock, i2cdetect, i2cdump, i2cget, i2cset, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, install, ionice, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, ipneigh, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall, killall5, klogd, last, less, link, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd, lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsscsi, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzop, makedevs, makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mpstat, mt, mv, nameif, nanddump, nandwrite, nbd-client, nc, netstat, nice, nl, nmeter, nohup, nproc, nsenter, nslookup, ntpd, nuke, od, openvt, partprobe, passwd, paste, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root, pkill, pmap, popmaildir, poweroff, powertop, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pstree, pwd, pwdx, raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readahead, readlink, readprofile, realpath, reboot, reformime, remove-shell, renice, reset, resize, resume, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake, run-init, run-parts, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, scriptreplay, sed, sendmail, seq, setarch, setconsole, setfattr, setfont, setkeycodes, setlogcons, setpriv, setserial, setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum, sha3sum, sha512sum, showkey, shred, shuf, slattach, sleep, smemcap, softlimit, sort, split, ssl_client, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv, svc, svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true, truncate, tty, ttysize, tunctl, ubiattach, ubidetach, ubimkvol, ubirename, ubirmvol, ubirsvol, ubiupdatevol, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, uevent, umount, uname, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlink, unlzma, unshare, unxz, unzip, uptime, users, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, w, wall, watch, watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, whois, xargs, xxd, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat, zcip[root@kong ~]
創建rootfs
這張圖在鏡像基礎介紹的時候已經被無數次看到了,rootfs是linux中重要的概念,而alpine中也有ADD rootfs.tar.xz這樣一句,接下來我們將了解一下如何生成一個簡單的rootfs
創建目錄并進入
[root@kong ~]# mkdir rootfs[root@kong ~]# cd rootfs/[root@kong rootfs]#
創建rootfs
執行如下語句
for module in `busybox --list-modules`do mkdir -p `dirname "$module"` ln -sf /bin/busybox "$module"done
執行日志
[root@kong rootfs]# for module in `busybox --list-modules`> do> mkdir -p `dirname "$module"`> ln -sf /bin/busybox "$module"> done[root@kong rootfs]#
結果確認
[root@kong rootfs]# lsbin linuxrc sbin usr[root@kong rootfs]# find . -type d../usr./usr/bin./usr/sbin./sbin./bin[root@kong rootfs]#
將busybox拷貝至新創建的./bin目錄下
這樣,上述命令的鏈接對象就存在了
[root@kong rootfs]# cp /usr/local/bin/busybox bin/[root@kong rootfs]# ls -l bin/busybox-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1001112 May 25 05:27 bin/busybox[root@kong rootfs]#
創建rootfs.tar
此處注意相對路徑,而后續次相對路徑會展開至/下,從而創建新的系統的rootfs,這也是從零搭建linux(linux from scratch)的重要操作之一。
[root@kong rootfs]# tar cpf rootfs.tar .tar: ./rootfs.tar: file is the archive; not dumped[root@kong rootfs]#
簡單說明:busybox –list-modules列出了busybox的所有模塊,然后以此為基礎,創建了一個小型的rootfs
[root@kong rootfs]# busybox –list-modules |wc -l
389
[root@kong rootfs]#
準備Dockerfile
準備一個一行的Dockerfile
[root@kong rootfs]# vi Dockerfile[root@kong rootfs]# cat Dockerfile From scratch[root@kong rootfs]#
創建base鏡像,由于沒有發現具體的內容,所以未創建出具體鏡像。另外,本文為了演示方便,直接在此處創建Dockerfile,這并不是一個好主意,實際的時候請不要這樣做,如果當前目錄下有100G的文件,就會無比緩慢,而且也不規范,無關物品需要清場。
[root@kong rootfs]# docker build -t busyboxbase:latest .Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.415 MBStep 1/1 : FROM scratch ---> No image was generated. Is your Dockerfile empty?[root@kong rootfs]# docker images |grep busyboxbase[root@kong rootfs]#
from scracth
有From,這個scratch可以pull么,目前的版本已經將其作為一個保留名稱
[root@kong rootfs]# docker search scratch |grep 'an explicitly empty'docker.io docker.io/scratch an explicitly empty image, especially for ... 407 [OK] [root@kong rootfs]# docker pull scratchUsing default tag: latestError response from daemon: 'scratch' is a reserved name[root@kong rootfs]#
將此Dockerfile添加一行沒有實際作用的,看看scratch到底是什么
[root@kong rootfs]# vi Dockerfile [root@kong rootfs]# cat Dockerfile From scratchMAINTAINER LiuMiao <liumiaocn@outlook.com>[root@kong rootfs]#
進行構建,發現產生了一個0字節的鏡像文件,也與scratch的原意相通
[root@kong rootfs]# docker build -t busyboxbase:latest .Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.415 MBStep 1/2 : FROM scratch ---> Step 2/2 : MAINTAINER LiuMiao <liumiaocn@outlook.com> ---> Running in b118fd7c73a7 ---> 2074dc76c09eRemoving intermediate container b118fd7c73a7Successfully built 2074dc76c09e[root@kong rootfs]# docker images |grep busyboxbasebusyboxbase latest 2074dc76c09e 14 seconds ago 0 B[root@kong rootfs]#
至此,我們理解了from scratch確實不會有額外的添加,接下來我們像alpine那樣添加如下兩句
ADD rootfs.tar /CMD ["/bin/sh"]
我們的Dockerfile也是幾乎一樣的三行
[root@kong rootfs]# cat Dockerfile From scratchADD rootfs.tar /CMD ["/bin/sh"][root@kong rootfs]#
這樣就創建了一個1M的busybox為基礎的鏡像
[root@kong rootfs]# docker build -t busyboxbase:latest .Sending build context to Docker daemon 2.415 MBStep 1/3 : FROM scratch ---> Step 2/3 : ADD rootfs.tar / ---> 0fbb0c8c7579Removing intermediate container 8311e96f456cStep 3/3 : CMD /bin/sh ---> Running in efb85c4526bf ---> 02270c80a4e4Removing intermediate container efb85c4526bfSuccessfully built 02270c80a4e4[root@kong rootfs]# docker images |grep busyboxbasebusyboxbase latest 02270c80a4e4 9 seconds ago 1.01 MB[root@kong rootfs]#
運行并使用
使用docker run發現此鏡像所啟動的容器并無異常之處
[root@kong rootfs]# docker run --rm -it busyboxbase sh/ # hostnameb7f9e9646746/ # uname -aLinux b7f9e9646746 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Aug 22 21:09:27 UTC 2017 x86_64 GNU/Linux/ #
小結
這篇文章介紹了如何使用busybox結合from scratch機制創建docker的基礎鏡像以及相關原理。本文利用busybox 1.28.1版本創建了一個1.01M的可用的基礎鏡像,從瑞士軍刀到瑞士指甲刀,你可以繼續優化到若干K都是可行的,但是到了10M以下其實應該更多考慮的是后續的擴展性和功能性的因素了。但是從另外的角度考慮,集成進來了那么多功能的同時,也將這些功能的不安定因素也集成進來了。利用from scratch機制,創建小并且依賴性少的上下文環境是非常有用的。
參考文獻
https://docs.docker.com/develop/develop-images/baseimages/
總結
以上就是這篇文章的全部內容了,希望本文的內容對大家的學習或者工作具有一定的參考學習價值,謝謝大家對VEVB武林網的支持。
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