三種訪問權限
我們知道C++中的類,有三種訪問權限(也稱作訪問控制),它們分別是public、protected、private。要理解它們其實也很容易,看下面了一個例子。
父類:
class Person{public:Person(const string& name, int age) : m_name(name), m_age(age){}void ShowInfo(){cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl;cout << "年齡:" << m_age << endl;}protected:string m_name; //姓名private:int m_age; //年齡};class Person{public:Person(const string& name, int age) : m_name(name), m_age(age){}void ShowInfo(){cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl;cout << "年齡:" << m_age << endl;}protected:string m_name; //姓名private:int m_age; //年齡};
子類:
class Teacher : public Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正確,protected屬性子類可見cout << "年齡:" << m_age << endl; //錯誤,private屬性子類不可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};class Teacher : public Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正確,protected屬性子類可見cout << "年齡:" << m_age << endl; //錯誤,private屬性子類不可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};
調用方法:
void test(){Person person("張三", 22);person.ShowInfo(); //public屬性,對外部可見cout << person.m_name << endl; //protected屬性,對外部不可見cout << person.m_age << endl; //private屬性,對外部不可見}void test(){Person person("張三", 22);person.ShowInfo(); //public屬性,對外部可見cout << person.m_name << endl; //protected屬性,對外部不可見cout << person.m_age << endl; //private屬性,對外部不可見}
總結
我們對C++類三種方式控制權限總結如下,這與Java中的三種對應的訪問權限是一樣的。
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三種繼承方式
C++中繼承的方式還有多種,也分別都用public、protected、private表示。這與Java不一樣,Java只有繼承的概念,默認是public繼承的。
1. 三種繼承方式不影響子類對父類的訪問權限,子類對父類只看父類的訪問控制權。
如下面三種繼承方式都能訪問父類中的public和protected成員。
class Teacher : /*public*/ /*protected*/ private Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正確,protected屬性子類可見//cout << "年齡:" << m_age << endl; //錯誤,private屬性子類不可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};class Teacher : /*public*/ /*protected*/ private Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "姓名:" << m_name << endl; //正確,protected屬性子類可見//cout << "年齡:" << m_age << endl; //錯誤,private屬性子類不可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};
2. 繼承方式是為了控制子類(也稱派生類)的調用方(也叫用戶)對父類(也稱基類)的訪問權限。
public繼承
class Teacher : public Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};class Teacher : public Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};void TestPublic(){Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授");teacher.ShowInfo();cout << endl;teacher.ShowTeacherInfo();}void TestPublic(){Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授");teacher.ShowInfo();cout << endl;teacher.ShowTeacherInfo();}
結果:
姓名:李四
年齡:35
姓名:李四
年齡:35
職稱:副教授
private繼承:
class Teacher : private Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};class Teacher : private Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};void TestPrivate(){Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授");teacher.ShowInfo(); //錯誤,因為Teacher采用了private的繼承方式,外部不可訪問。cout << endl;teacher.ShowTeacherInfo();}void TestPrivate(){Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授");teacher.ShowInfo(); //錯誤,因為Teacher采用了private的繼承方式,外部不可訪問。cout << endl;teacher.ShowTeacherInfo();}
3. public、protected、private三種繼承方式,相當于把父類的public訪問權限在子類中變成了對應的權限。
如protected繼承,把父類中的public成員在本類中變成了protected的訪問控制權限;private繼承,把父類的public成員和protected成員在本類中變成了private訪問控制權。
protected繼承:
class Teacher : protected Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};class Teacher : protected Person{public:Teacher(const string& name, int age, const string& title): Person(name, age), m_title(title){}void ShowTeacherInfo(){ShowInfo(); //正確,public屬性子類可見cout << "職稱:" << m_title << endl; //正確,本類中可見自己的所有成員}private:string m_title; //職稱};void TestProtected(){Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授");teacher.ShowInfo(); //錯誤,基類Person的ShowInfo此時對Teacher相當于protected的,外部不可以被訪問cout << endl;teacher.ShowTeacherInfo();}void TestProtected(){Teacher teacher("李四", 35, "副教授");teacher.ShowInfo(); //錯誤,基類Person的ShowInfo此時對Teacher相當于protected的,外部不可以被訪問cout << endl;teacher.ShowTeacherInfo();}class Leader : public Teacher{public:Leader(const string& name, int age, const string& title, string position): Teacher(name, age, title), m_position(position){}void ShowLeaderInfo(){ShowInfo(); //基類Person的ShowInfo此時相當于protected的,但子類仍可以訪問ShowTeacherInfo(); //ShowTeacherInfo仍然是public的,可以訪問cout << m_position << endl;}private:string m_position;};class Leader : public Teacher{public:Leader(const string& name, int age, const string& title, string position): Teacher(name, age, title), m_position(position){}void ShowLeaderInfo(){ShowInfo(); //基類Person的ShowInfo此時相當于protected的,但子類仍可以訪問ShowTeacherInfo(); //ShowTeacherInfo仍然是public的,可以訪問cout << m_position << endl;}private:string m_position;};
以上所述是小編給大家介紹的C++ 的三種訪問權限與三種繼承方式,希望對大家有所幫助,如果大家有任何疑問請給我留言,小編會及時回復大家的。在此也非常感謝大家對VEVB武林網網站的支持!
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