一、內存泄露
1、正常的鏈表操作
下面程序建立一個10元素的鏈表，輸出它們的節點，每個節點是一個員工的工號和年齡。最后刪除每個節點，釋放列表。
dp@dp:~/memorytest % cat 1.c#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>//code:myhaspl@myhaspl.com//author:myhaspl//date:2014-01-10typedef struct listnode mynode; struct listnode{ mynode *next; int number; int age; };mynode *addnode(mynode *prevnd,int number,int age){ mynode *ndtemp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode)); prevnd->next=ndtemp; ndtemp->number=number; ndtemp->age=age; ndtemp->next=NULL; return ndtemp;}mynode *initlist(){ mynode *temp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode)); temp->number=0; temp->age=0; temp->next=NULL; return temp;}int main(){ mynode *mylist=initlist(); mynode *mytempnd=mylist; int i=0;f懸掛指針 for(i=0;i<10;i++){ mytempnd=addnode(mytempnd,i,20+i); } //下面是正常的鏈表操作 //先輸出鏈表元素 for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){ printf("id:%d,age:%d/n",mytempnd->number,mytempnd->age); } //然后刪除鏈表中的所有元素 mynode* oldtmpnd; for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;){ printf("delete id:%d/n",mytempnd->number); oldtmpnd=mytempnd; mytempnd=mytempnd->next; free(oldtmpnd); } free(mylist); return 0; }下面是程序運行效果
dp@dp:~/memorytest % gcc 1.c -o mytestdp@dp:~/memorytest % ./mytestid:0,age:20id:1,age:21id:2,age:22id:3,age:23id:4,age:24id:5,age:25id:6,age:26id:7,age:27id:8,age:28id:9,age:29delete id:0delete id:1delete id:2delete id:3delete id:4delete id:5delete id:6delete id:7delete id:8delete id:9dp@dp:~/memorytest %
下面演示了垃圾的形成，這是內存泄露的一種方式，即在鏈表中，某些節點與鏈表中的其它節點失去聯系，導致無法刪除，下面故意讓第4個結點的next指針指向null，失去與后面6個元素的聯系。
dp@dp:~/memorytest % cat 1.c#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>//code:myhaspl@myhaspl.com//author:myhaspl//date:2014-01-10typedef struct listnode mynode; struct listnode{mynode *next;int number;int age;};mynode *addnode(mynode *prevnd,int number,int age){mynode *ndtemp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode));prevnd->next=ndtemp;ndtemp->number=number;ndtemp->age=age;ndtemp->next=NULL;return ndtemp;}mynode *initlist(){mynode *temp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode));temp->number=0;temp->age=0;temp->next=NULL;return temp;}int main(){mynode *mylist=initlist();mynode *mytempnd=mylist;int i=0;for(i=0;i<10;i++){mytempnd=addnode(mytempnd,i,20+i);}//下面是正常的鏈表操作//先輸出鏈表元素for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("id:%d,age:%d/n",mytempnd->number,mytempnd->age);}//然后刪除鏈表中的所有元素for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("delete id:%d/n",mytempnd->number);free(mytempnd);}free(mylist);//下面是形成內存泄露第一種情況-垃圾的演示//生成并輸出鏈表，這個與前面相同mylist=initlist();mytempnd=mylist;i=0;for(i=0;i<10;i++){mytempnd=addnode(mytempnd,i,20+i);}for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("id:%d,age:%d/n",mytempnd->number,mytempnd->age);}//刪除鏈表，我們故意留下后面6個鏈表節點無法刪除，導致后面6個鏈表節點形成垃圾int j=0;for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){if (++j>3){mytempnd->next=NULL;break;}}for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("delete id:%d/n",mytempnd->number);free(mytempnd);j++; } return 0;}下面是程序運行效果
dp@dp:~/memorytest % gcc 1.c -o mytestdp@dp:~/memorytest % ./mytestid:0,age:20id:1,age:21id:2,age:22id:3,age:23id:4,age:24id:5,age:25id:6,age:26id:7,age:27id:8,age:28id:9,age:29delete id:0delete id:1delete id:2delete id:3delete id:4delete id:5delete id:6delete id:7delete id:8delete id:9id:0,age:20id:1,age:21id:2,age:22id:3,age:23id:4,age:24id:5,age:25id:6,age:26id:7,age:27id:8,age:28id:9,age:29delete id:0delete id:1delete id:2delete id:3dp@dp:~/memorytest %
3、懸掛指針
一個指針不為空，但是指向一個無效的地址或耒知對象的地址，則這樣的指針稱為懸掛指針。
dp@dp:~/memorytest % cat 2.c#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>//code:myhaspl@myhaspl.com//author:myhaspl//date:2014-01-10typedef struct listnode mynode;struct listnode{mynode *next;int number;int age;};mynode *addnode(mynode *prevnd,int number,int age){mynode *ndtemp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode));prevnd->next=ndtemp;ndtemp->number=number;ndtemp->age=age;ndtemp->next=NULL;return ndtemp;}mynode *initlist(){mynode *temp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode));temp->number=0;temp->age=0;temp->next=NULL;return temp;}int main(){mynode *mylist=initlist();mynode *mytempnd=mylist;int i=0;for(i=0;i<10;i++){mytempnd=addnode(mytempnd,i,20+i);}//下面是正常的鏈表操作//先輸出鏈表元素for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("id:%d,age:%d/n",mytempnd->number,mytempnd->age);}//然后刪除鏈表中的所有元素mynode* oldtmpnd;for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;){printf("delete id:%d/n",mytempnd->number);oldtmpnd=mytempnd;mytempnd=mytempnd->next;free(oldtmpnd);}free(mylist);//下面是形成內存泄露第二種情況-懸掛指針的演示//生成并輸出鏈表，這個與前面相同mylist=initlist();mytempnd=mylist;i=0;for(i=0;i<10;i++){mytempnd=addnode(mytempnd,i,20+i);}for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("id:%d,age:%d/n",mytempnd->number,mytempnd->age);}//我們故意刪除鏈表后面的4個節點，但是讓第6個元素的next指向的地址無效，//仍指向已經刪除的第7個節點，導致懸掛指針printf ("-------------------------/n");int j=0;for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;){oldtmpnd=mytempnd;mytempnd=mytempnd->next;if (++j>6){printf("delete id:%d/n",oldtmpnd->number);free(oldtmpnd);}} return 0;}執行程序
dp@dp:~/memorytest % gcc 2.c -o mytestdp@dp:~/memorytest % ./mytestid:0,age:20id:1,age:21id:2,age:22id:3,age:23id:4,age:24id:5,age:25id:6,age:26id:7,age:27id:8,age:28id:9,age:29delete id:0delete id:1delete id:2delete id:3delete id:4delete id:5delete id:6delete id:7delete id:8delete id:9id:0,age:20id:1,age:21id:2,age:22id:3,age:23id:4,age:24id:5,age:25id:6,age:26id:7,age:27id:8,age:28id:9,age:29delete id:6delete id:7delete id:8delete id:9
但是注意free函數表示釋放，這個釋放指的是把這段內存標記成可用狀態，或者說，沒有人在用這段內存了，也就是意味著如果這段內存如果沒有被操作系統重新使用，里面的數據還存在，如果被操作系統分配給其它程序或本程序的其它內存塊申請之用，則數據會被清空。
3、下面是形成內存泄露第三種情況-共享的演示，多個指針指向同一個內存，這個內存因為某個指針不再使用的原因刪除，導致其它指針指向一個無效地址
dp@dp:~/memorytest % cat 2.c#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>//code:myhaspl@myhaspl.com//author:myhaspl//date:2014-01-10typedef struct listnode mynode;struct listnode{mynode *next;char *data;int number;int age;};mynode *addnode(mynode *prevnd,int number,int age,char *data){mynode *ndtemp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode));prevnd->next=ndtemp;ndtemp->number=number;ndtemp->age=age;ndtemp->data=data;ndtemp->next=NULL;return ndtemp;}mynode *initlist(){mynode *temp=(mynode*)malloc(sizeof(mynode));temp->number=0;temp->age=0;temp->data=NULL;temp->next=NULL;return temp;}int main(){ //下面是形成內存泄露第三種情況-共享的演示，多個指針指向同一個內存，這個內存因為某個指針不再使用的原因刪除，//生成并輸出鏈表，生成1個鏈表(共3個元素)，元素的data都指向同一個內存塊mynode *mylist=initlist();mynode *mytempnd=mylist;char *mydata=(char *)malloc(100);const char *strsrc="helloworld";strcpy(mydata,strsrc);int i=0;for(i=0;i<3;i++){ mytempnd=addnode(mytempnd,i,20+i,mydata);}for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;mytempnd=mytempnd->next){printf("id:%d,age:%d,data:%s/n",mytempnd->number,mytempnd->age,mytempnd->data); }//下面將導致共享的內存釋放，但仍有2個結點指向這個內存，這將導致內存泄露//我們故意刪除最后一個節點，并釋放最后一個結點的data指針指向的內存printf ("-------------------------/n");mynode *oldtmpnd;for (mytempnd=mylist->next;mytempnd!=NULL;){oldtmpnd=mytempnd;mytempnd=mytempnd->next;if (mytempnd==NULL){printf("delete id:%d/n",oldtmpnd->number);free(oldtmpnd->data);free(oldtmpnd);}} return 0;}執行程序：
dp@dp:~/memorytest % gcc 2.c -o mytest2.c: In function 'main':2.c:37: warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function 'strcpy'dp@dp:~/memorytest % ./mytestid:0,age:20,data:helloworldid:1,age:21,data:helloworldid:2,age:22,data:helloworlddelete id:2dp@dp:~/memorytest %
新聞熱點
疑難解答
圖片精選
