前言
MySQL在2016年仍然保持強勁的數據庫流行度增長趨勢。越來越多的客戶將自己的應用建立在MySQL數據庫之上，甚至是從Oracle遷移到MySQL上來。但也存在部分客戶在使用MySQL數據庫的過程中遇到一些比如響應時間慢，CPU打滿等情況。
阿里云RDS專家服務團隊幫助云上客戶解決過很多緊急問題?，F將《ApsaraDB專家診斷報告》中出現的部分常見SQL問題總結如下，供大家參考。
1、LIMIT 語句
分頁查詢是最常用的場景之一，但也通常也是最容易出問題的地方。
比如對于下面簡單的語句，一般 DBA 想到的辦法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引，性能迅速提升。
SELECT * FROM operation WHERE type = 'SQLStats' AND name = 'SlowLog' ORDER BY create_time LIMIT 1000, 10;
好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解決該問題就到此為止。
但當 LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時，程序員仍然會抱怨：我只取10條記錄為什么還是慢？
要知道數據庫也并不知道第1000000條記錄從什么地方開始，即使有索引也需要從頭計算一次。出現這種性能問題，多數情形下是程序員偷懶了。
在前端數據瀏覽翻頁，或者大數據分批導出等場景下，是可以將上一頁的最大值當成參數作為查詢條件的。SQL 重新設計如下：
SELECT * FROM operation WHERE type = 'SQLStats' AND name = 'SlowLog' AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' ORDER BY create_time limit 10;
在新設計下查詢時間基本固定，不會隨著數據量的增長而發生變化。
2、隱式轉換
SQL語句中查詢變量和字段定義類型不匹配是另一個常見的錯誤。比如下面的語句：
mysql> explain extended SELECT * > FROM my_balance b > WHERE b.bpn = 14000000123 > AND b.isverified IS NULL ;mysql> show warnings;| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'
其中字段 bpn 的定義為 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是將字符串轉換為數字之后再比較。函數作用于表字段，索引失效。
上述情況可能是應用程序框架自動填入的參數，而不是程序員的原意。現在應用框架很多很繁雜，使用方便的同時也小心它可能給自己挖坑。
3、關聯更新、刪除
雖然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對查詢語句的優化。對于更新或刪除需要手工重寫成 JOIN。
比如下面 UPDATE 語句，MySQL 實際執行的是循環/嵌套子查詢（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其執行時間可想而知。
UPDATE operation o SET status = 'applying' WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id FROM (SELECT o.id, o.status FROM operation o WHERE o.group = 123 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) ORDER BY o.parent, o.id LIMIT 1) t);
執行計劃：
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | o | index | | PRIMARY | 8 | | 24 | Using where; Using temporary || 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables || 3 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
重寫為 JOIN 之后，子查詢的選擇模式從 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 變成 DERIVED，執行速度大大加快，從7秒降低到2毫秒。
UPDATE operation o JOIN (SELECT o.id, o.status FROM operation o WHERE o.group = 123 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) ORDER BY o.parent, o.id LIMIT 1) t ON o.id = t.id SET status = 'applying'
執行計劃簡化為
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables || 2 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
4、混合排序
MySQL 不能利用索引進行混合排序。但在某些場景，還是有機會使用特殊方法提升性能的。
SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC, a.appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20
執行計劃顯示為全表掃描：
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra +----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | idx_orderid | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1967647 | Using filesort || 1 | SIMPLE | o | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 122 | a.orderid | 1 | NULL |+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+
由于 is_reply 只有0和1兩種狀態，我們按照下面的方法重寫后，執行時間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。
SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id AND is_reply = 0 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id AND is_reply = 1 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20)) t ORDER BY is_reply ASC, appraisetime DESC LIMIT 20;
5、EXISTS語句
MySQL 對待 EXISTS 子句時，仍然采用嵌套子查詢的執行方式。如下面的 SQL 語句：
SELECT *FROM my_neighbor n LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE n.topic_status < 4 AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM message_info m WHERE n.id = m.neighbor_id AND m.inuser = 'xxx') AND n.topic_type <> 5
執行計劃為：
+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+| 1 | PRIMARY | n | ALL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1086041 | Using where || 1 | PRIMARY | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where || 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
去掉 exists 更改為 join，能夠避免嵌套子查詢，將執行時間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。
SELECT *FROM my_neighbor n INNER JOIN message_info m ON n.id = m.neighbor_id AND m.inuser = 'xxx' LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE n.topic_status < 4 AND n.topic_type <> 5
新的執行計劃：
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+| 1 | SIMPLE | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition || 1 | SIMPLE | n | eq_ref | | PRIMARY | 122 | ighbor_id | 1 | Using where || 1 | SIMPLE | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
6、條件下推
外部查詢條件不能夠下推到復雜的視圖或子查詢的情況有：
如下面的語句，從執行計劃可以看出其條件作用于聚合子查詢之后：
SELECT * FROM (SELECT target, Count(*) FROM operation GROUP BY target) t WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+|1| PRIMARY | <derived2> | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> |514| const |2| Using where || 2 | DERIVED | operation | index | idx_4 | idx_4 | 519 | NULL | 20 | Using index |+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
確定從語義上查詢條件可以直接下推后，重寫如下：
SELECT target, Count(*) FROM operation WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx' GROUP BY target
執行計劃變為：
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
關于 MySQL 外部條件不能下推的詳細解釋說明請參考文章：http://mysql.taobao.org/monthly/2016/07/08
7、提前縮小范圍
先上初始 SQL 語句：
SELECT * FROM my_order o LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u ON o.uid = u.uid LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p ON o.pid = p.pid WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT 0, 15
該SQL語句原意是：先做一系列的左連接，然后排序取前15條記錄。從執行計劃也可以看出，最后一步估算排序記錄數為90萬，時間消耗為12秒。
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+| 1 | SIMPLE | o | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort || 1 | SIMPLE | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL || 1 | SIMPLE | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
由于最后 WHERE 條件以及排序均針對最左主表，因此可以先對 my_order 排序提前縮小數據量再做左連接。SQL 重寫后如下，執行時間縮小為1毫秒左右。
SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM my_order o WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT 0, 15) o LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u ON o.uid = u.uid LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p ON o.pid = p.pid ORDER BY o.selltime DESClimit 0, 15
再檢查執行計劃：子查詢物化后（select_type=DERIVED)參與 JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然為90萬，但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句后，實際執行時間變得很小。
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 15 | Using temporary; Using filesort || 1 | PRIMARY | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL || 1 | PRIMARY | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) || 2 | DERIVED | o | index | NULL | idx_1 | 5 | NULL | 909112 | Using where |+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
8、中間結果集下推
再來看下面這個已經初步優化過的例子(左連接中的主表優先作用查詢條件)：
SELECT a.*, c.allocated FROM ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated FROM my_resources GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
那么該語句還存在其它問題嗎？不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢，在表數量特別大的情況下會導致整個語句的性能下降。
其實對于子查詢 c，左連接最后結果集只關心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的數據。因此我們可以重寫語句如下，執行時間從原來的2秒下降到2毫秒。
SELECT a.*, c.allocated FROM ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated FROM my_resources r, ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
但是子查詢 a 在我們的SQL語句中出現了多次。這種寫法不僅存在額外的開銷，還使得整個語句顯的繁雜。使用 WITH 語句再次重寫：
WITH a AS ( SELECT resourceid FROM my_distribute d WHERE isdelete = 0 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' ORDER BY salecode limit 20)SELECT a.*, c.allocated FROM a LEFT JOIN ( SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated FROM my_resources r, a WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid GROUP BY resourcesid) c ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid
總結
數據庫編譯器產生執行計劃，決定著SQL的實際執行方式。但是編譯器只是盡力服務，所有數據庫的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。
上述提到的多數場景，在其它數據庫中也存在性能問題。了解數據庫編譯器的特性，才能避規其短處，寫出高性能的SQL語句。
程序員在設計數據模型以及編寫SQL語句時，要把算法的思想或意識帶進來。
編寫復雜SQL語句要養成使用 WITH 語句的習慣。簡潔且思路清晰的SQL語句也能減小數據庫的負擔 。
好了，以上就是這篇文章的全部內容了，希望本文的內容對大家的學習或者工作具有一定的參考學習價值，謝謝大家對武林網的支持。
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