本章節主要是對C++基礎知識的回顧，不會涉及太簡單的知識點，比如=和==的區別，也不會涉及太復雜的知識，比如volatile關鍵字的作用。

（1） 空間命名規則

#ifndef NAMESPACE_H#define NAMESPACE_H// namespaces.hnamespace mycode {    void foo();}#endif // NAMESPACE_H
#include "namespace.h"#include <iostream>void mycode::foo(){    std::cout << "foo() called in the mycode namespace" << std::endl;}
#include "namespace.h"using namespace std;using namespace mycode;int main(int argc, char *argv[]){    foo();}output:
foo() called in the mycode namespace
(2) 變量的定義， 操作符，循環語句全部都是基礎知識。
(3) 枚舉類型
typedef enum { kPieceTypeKing, kPieceTypeQueen, kPieceTypeRook,	kPieceTypePawm} PieceT;(4) Stack 和 Heap的區別
stack分配的空間一般都是程序自動管理，heap用于new分配，delete刪除。
（5）綜合舉例，一個管理員工系統
#ifndef EMPLOYEE_H#define EMPLOYEE_H// employee.h#include <iostream>namespace Records {    const int kDefaultStartingSalary = 30000;    class Employee {    public:        Employee();        void PRomote(int inRaiseAmount = 1000);        void demote(int inDemeritAmount = 1000);        void hire();        void fire();        void display();        void setFirstName(std::string inFirstName);        std::string getFirstName();        void setLastName(std::string inLastName);        std::string  getLastName();        void setEmployeeNumber(int inEmployeeNumber);        int getEmployeeNumber();        void setSalary(int inNewSalary);        int getSalary();        bool getIsHired();    private:        std::string mFirstName;        std::string mLastName;        int mEmployeeNumber;        int mSalary;        bool fHired;    };}#endif // EMPLOYEE_H
#include "employee.h"#include <iostream>using namespace std;namespace Records {Employee::Employee(){    mFirstName = "";    mLastName = "";    mEmployeeNumber = -1;    mSalary = kDefaultStartingSalary;    fHired = false;}void Employee::promote(int inRaiseAmount){    setSalary(getSalary() + inRaiseAmount);}void Employee::demote(int inDemeritAmount){    setSalary(getSalary() - inDemeritAmount);}void Employee::hire(){    fHired = true;}void Employee::fire(){    fHired = false;}void Employee::display(){    cout << "Employee: " << getLastName() << ", " << getFirstName() << endl;    cout << "-------------------------" << endl;    cout << (fHired ? "Current Employee" : "Former Employee") << endl;    cout << "Employee Nmber: " << getEmployeeNumber() << endl;    cout << "Salary: $" << getSalary() << endl;    cout << endl;}void Employee::setFirstName(std::__cxx11::string inFirstName){    mFirstName = inFirstName;}std::__cxx11::string Employee::getFirstName(){    return mFirstName;}void Employee::setLastName(std::__cxx11::string inLastName){    mLastName = inLastName;}std::__cxx11::string Employee::getLastName(){    return mLastName;}void Employee::setEmployeeNumber(int inEmployeeNumber){    mEmployeeNumber = inEmployeeNumber;}int Employee::getEmployeeNumber(){    return mEmployeeNumber;}void Employee::setSalary(int inNewSalary){    mSalary = inNewSalary;}int Employee::getSalary(){    return mSalary;}bool Employee::getIsHired(){    return fHired;}}
#ifndef DATABASE_H#define DATABASE_H#include "employee.h"#include <iostream>// Database.hnamespace Records {    const int kMaxEmployees =100;    const int kFirstEmployeeNumber = 1000;    class Database {    public:        Database();        ~Database();        Employee &addEmployee(std::string inFirstName, std::string inLastName);        Employee &getEmployee(int inEmployeeNumber);        Employee &getEmployee(std::string inFirstName, std::string inLastName);        void displayAll();        void displayCurrent();        void displayFormer();    protected:        Employee mEmployees[kMaxEmployees];        int mNextSlot;        int mNextEmployeeNumber;    };}#endif // DATABASE_H
// Database.cpp#include <iostream>#include <stdexcept>#include "database.h"using namespace std;namespace Records {    Database::Database()    {        mNextSlot = 0;        mNextEmployeeNumber = kFirstEmployeeNumber;    }    Database::~Database()    {    }    Employee &Database::addEmployee(string inFirstName, string inLastName)    {        if (mNextSlot >= kMaxEmployees) {            cerr << "There is no more room to add the new employee!" << endl;            throw exception();        }        Employee &theEmployee = mEmployees[mNextSlot++];        theEmployee.setFirstName(inFirstName);        theEmployee.setLastName(inLastName);        theEmployee.setEmployeeNumber(mNextEmployeeNumber++);        theEmployee.hire();        return theEmployee;    }    Employee &Database::getEmployee(int inEmployeeNumber)    {        for (int i = 0; i < mNextSlot; i++) {            if (mEmployees[i].getEmployeeNumber() == inEmployeeNumber) {                return mEmployees[i];            }        }        cerr << "No empolyee with employee number " << inEmployeeNumber << endl;        throw exception();    }    Employee &Database::getEmployee(string inFirstName, string inLastName)    {        for (int i = 0; i < mNextSlot; i++) {            if (mEmployees[i].getFirstName() == inFirstName &&                    mEmployees[i].getLastName() == inLastName) {                return mEmployees[i];            }        }        cerr << "No match with name " << inFirstName << " " << inLastName << endl;    }    void Database::displayAll()    {        for (int i = 0; i < mNextSlot; i++) {            mEmployees[i].display();        }    }    void Database::displayCurrent()    {        for (int i = 0; i < mNextSlot; i++) {            if (mEmployees[i].getIsHired()) {                mEmployees[i].display();            }        }    }    void Database::displayFormer()    {        for (int i = 0; i < mNextSlot; i++) {            if (!mEmployees[i].getIsHired()) {                mEmployees[i].display();            }        }    }}
#include <iostream>#include "database.h"using namespace std;using namespace Records;int main(int argc, char *argv[]){    Database myDB;    Employee &emp1 = myDB.addEmployee("Greg", "Wallis");    emp1.fire();    Employee &emp2 = myDB.addEmployee("Scott", "Kleper");    emp2.setSalary(100000);    Employee &emp3 = myDB.addEmployee("Nick", "Solter");    emp3.setSalary(10000);    emp3.promote();    cout << "all employee: " << endl;    cout << "current employee: " << endl;    cout << endl;    myDB.displayCurrent();    cout << endl;    cout << "former employee: " << endl;    cout << endl;    myDB.displayFormer();}output:
all employee: 
current employee: 
Employee: Kleper, Scott
-------------------------
Current Employee
Employee Nmber: 1001
Salary: $100000
Employee: Solter, Nick
-------------------------
Current Employee
Employee Nmber: 1002
Salary: $11000
former employee: 
Employee: Wallis, Greg
-------------------------
Former Employee
Employee Nmber: 1000
Salary: $30000