PHP是單繼承的語言,在PHP 5.4 Traits出現之前,PHP的類無法同時從兩個基類繼承屬性或方法。php的Traits和Go語言的組合功能類似,通過在類中使用use關鍵字聲明要組合的Trait名稱,而具體某個Trait的聲明使用trait關鍵詞,Trait不能直接實例化。具體用法請看下面的代碼:
<?php
trait Drive {
public $carName = 'trait';
public function driving() {
echo "driving {$this->carName}/n";
}
}
class Person {
public function eat() {
echo "eat/n";
}
}
class Student extends Person {
use Drive;
public function study() {
echo "study/n";
}
}
$student = new Student();
$student->study();
$student->eat();
$student->driving();
輸出結果如下:
study
eat
driving trait
上面的例子中,Student類通過繼承Person,有了eat方法,通過組合Drive,有了driving方法和屬性carName。
如果Trait、基類和本類中都存在某個同名的屬性或者方法,最終會保留哪一個呢?通過下面的代碼測試一下:
<?php
trait Drive {
public function hello() {
echo "hello drive/n";
}
public function driving() {
echo "driving from drive/n";
}
}
class Person {
public function hello() {
echo "hello person/n";
}
public function driving() {
echo "driving from person/n";
}
}
class Student extends Person {
use Drive;
public function hello() {
echo "hello student/n";
}
}
$student = new Student();
$student->hello();
$student->driving();
輸出結果如下:
hello student
driving from drive
因此得出結論:當方法或屬性同名時,當前類中的方法會覆蓋 trait的 方法,而 trait 的方法又覆蓋了基類中的方法。
如果要組合多個Trait,通過逗號分隔 Trait名稱:
use Trait1, Trait2;
如果多個Trait中包含同名方法或者屬性時,會怎樣呢?答案是當組合的多個Trait包含同名屬性或者方法時,需要明確聲明解決沖突,否則會產生一個致命錯誤。
<?php
trait Trait1 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait1::hello/n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait1::hi/n";
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait2::hello/n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait2::hi/n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Trait1, Trait2;
}
輸出結果如下:
PHP Fatal error: Trait method hello has not been applied, because there are collisions with other trait methods on Class1 in ~/php54/trait_3.php on line 20
使用insteadof和as操作符來解決沖突,insteadof是使用某個方法替代另一個,而as是給方法取一個別名,具體用法請看代碼:
<?php
trait Trait1 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait1::hello/n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait1::hi/n";
}
}
trait Trait2 {
public function hello() {
echo "Trait2::hello/n";
}
public function hi() {
echo "Trait2::hi/n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
}
}
class Class2 {
use Trait1, Trait2 {
Trait2::hello insteadof Trait1;
Trait1::hi insteadof Trait2;
Trait2::hi as hei;
Trait1::hello as hehe;
}
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello();
$Obj1->hi();
echo "/n";
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello();
$Obj2->hi();
$Obj2->hei();
$Obj2->hehe();
輸出結果如下:
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hello
Trait1::hi
Trait2::hi
Trait1::hello
as關鍵詞還有另外一個用途,那就是修改方法的訪問控制:
<?php
trait Hello {
public function hello() {
echo "hello,trait/n";
}
}
class Class1 {
use Hello {
hello as protected;
}
}
class Class2 {
use Hello {
Hello::hello as private hi;
}
}
$Obj1 = new Class1();
$Obj1->hello(); # 報致命錯誤,因為hello方法被修改成受保護的
$Obj2 = new Class2();
$Obj2->hello(); # 原來的hello方法仍然是公共的
$Obj2->hi(); # 報致命錯誤,因為別名hi方法被修改成私有的
Trait 也能組合Trait,Trait中支持抽象方法、靜態屬性及靜態方法,測試代碼如下:
<?php
trait Hello {
public function sayHello() {
echo "Hello/n";
}
}
trait World {
use Hello;
public function sayWorld() {
echo "World/n";
}
abstract public function getWorld();
public function inc() {
static $c = 0;
$c = $c + 1;
echo "$c/n";
}
public static function doSomething() {
echo "Doing something/n";
}
}
class HelloWorld {
use World;
public function getWorld() {
return 'get World';
}
}
$Obj = new HelloWorld();
$Obj->sayHello();
$Obj->sayWorld();
echo $Obj->getWorld() . "/n";
HelloWorld::doSomething();
$Obj->inc();
$Obj->inc();
輸出結果如下:
Hello
World
get World
Doing something
以上就是本文的全部內容,希望對大家的學習有所幫助。
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