GDB是GNU開源組織發布的一個強大的UNIX下的程序調試工具。或許,各位比較喜歡那種圖形界面方式的,像VC、BCB等IDE的調試,但如果你是在UNIX/linux平臺下做軟件,你會發現GDB這個調試工具有比VC、BCB的圖形化調試器更強大的功能。所謂“寸有所長,尺有所短”就是這個道理。
一般來說,GDB主要幫忙你完成下面四個方面的功能:
1、啟動你的程序,可以按照你的自定義的要求隨心所欲的運行程序。 2、可讓被調試的程序在你所指定的調置的斷點處停住。(斷點可以是條件表達式) 3、當程序被停住時,可以檢查此時你的程序中所發生的事。 4、動態的改變你程序的執行環境。
從上面看來,GDB和一般的調試工具沒有什么兩樣,基本上也是完成這些功能,不過在細節上,你會發現GDB這個調試工具的強大,大家可能比較習慣了圖形化的調試工具,但有時候,命令行的調試工具卻有著圖形化工具所不能完成的功能。讓我們一一看來。
使用一個簡單的判斷來測試一下:文件名gdbtest.c
[cpp] view plain copy<span style="font-size:18px">#include "stdio.h" int main() { int x=3; if(x<4) PRintf("x is less than 4/n"); else printf("x is biger than 4/n"); } </span>程序很簡單,設置x=3,然后判斷x是否比4小,若比4小則輸出”x is less than 4“,若比4大,則輸出”x is biger than 4“ ,程序很無聊,但是我們可以用來做GDB的測試!
注: 編譯的時候需要使用-g選項,我使用的是: gdb -g3 gdbtest.c -o gdbtest
使用GDB調試:
[cpp] view plain copy#gdb gdbtest <------- 啟動GDB GNU gdb (GDB) 7.5-Ubuntu Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-linux-gnu". For bug reporting instructions, please see: <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>... Reading symbols from /home/long/gdbtest...done. (gdb) l <------- l命令相當于list,從第一行開始例出原 碼 1 #include "stdio.h" 2 int main() 3 { 4 int x=3; 5 if(x<4) 6 printf("x is less than 4/n"); 7 else 8 printf("x is biger than 4/n"); 9 } (gdb) break 5 <------- 設置斷點,在源程序第5行處。 Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048935: file gdbtest.c, line 5. (gdb) run <------- 運行程序,也可以用簡寫r Starting program: /home/long/gdbtest Breakpoint 1, main () at gdbtest.c:5 <------- 其實停在第一個斷點,在第5行 5 if(x<4) (gdb) info break <------- 查看斷點的信息 Num Type Disp Enb Address What 1 breakpoint keep y 0x08048935 in main at gdbtest.c:5 breakpoint already hit 1 time (gdb) print x <------- 打印x的值(print 也可以用其簡寫p)>,這時候x等于上面賦值的3 $1 = 3 (gdb) print &x <------- 打印x的地址 $2 = (int *) 0xbffff21c (gdb) x/4x 0xbffff21c <------- 查看從0xbffff21c開始的4*4個字節的值 0xbffff21c: 0x00000003 0x0804a000 0x00000000 0x00000000 <------- x為int值,為4個字節 ,所以x的值等于0x00000003,我們可以看到此時x等于3 (gdb) set x=5 <------- 我們設置x=5 (gdb) print x <------- 打印x的值,可以看到x已經被改成5了 $3 = 5 (gdb) x/4x 0xbffff21c 0xbffff21c: 0x00000005 0x0804a000 0x00000000 0x00000000 (gdb) n <------- 單條語句執行,next命令簡寫。 8 printf("x is biger than 4/n"); (gdb) c <------- 繼續運行程序,continue命令簡寫。 Continuing. profiling:/home/zhouyl:Cannot create directory profiling:/home/zhouyl/NicholClass/error_test/gdb/gdbtest.gcda:Skip x is biger than 4[Inferior 1 (process 9265) exited with code 01] <------- 程序輸出x is biger than 4,因為此時x已經被改為5了 (gdb) q <------- 退出gdb #在上述GDB調試測試中,我們可以將x的值改為5,然后程序的輸出變為 x is biger than 4 。很有趣又很強大是不?
1.3.1 GDB 調試如何傳參數?
我們仍然使用示例來演示:
示例的代碼很簡單:test.c
[cpp] view plain copy#include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { int i=0; i=atoi(argv[1]); i = i + 1; printf("The value after add the first arg is : %d/n",i); i=atoi(argv[2]); i = i - 1; printf("The value after minus the second arg is : %d/n",i); return 0; }示例中我們分別打印第一個參數加1和第二個參數減1 的值。
我們使用gdb調試,在進入調試后 使用set args 111 1的方法設置參數
[cpp] view plain copy#gcc -g3 test.c -o test #gdb test <------- 正常開始調劑程序 GNU gdb (GDB) 7.5-ubuntu Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-linux-gnu". For bug reporting instructions, please see: <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>... Reading symbols from /tmp/test...done. (gdb) set args 111 1 <------- 在調試時給程序傳入參數 (gdb) run Starting program: /tmp/test 111 1 The value after add the first arg is : 112 The value after minus the second arg is : 0 [Inferior 1 (process 9667) exited normally] (gdb) q #或者我們可以使用 gdb --args ./test 111 1的方法
[cpp] view plain copygdb --args ./test 111 1 GNU gdb (GDB) 7.5-ubuntu Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-linux-gnu". For bug reporting instructions, please see: <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>... Reading symbols from /tmp/test...done. (gdb) run Starting program: /tmp/test 111 1 The value after add the first arg is : 112 The value after minus the second arg is : 0 [Inferior 1 (process 10784) exited normally] (gdb) q下面我們對第一章中的gdbtest.c文件使用gdb腳本調試,其實很簡單我們只要把需要的操作放到一個文件中,比如叫做 gdbtest.sh
[cpp] view plain copybreak 5 run set x=5 c q 那么我們如何使用?其實很簡單,我們在使用時,不用直接gdb gdbtest ,而使用 gdb ./gdbtest -command=gdbtest.sh其實還有種方法,我們直接在腳本中添加所要調試的文件信息,此時的 gdbtest.sh內容為:
[cpp] view plain copyfile gdbtest <----- 制定目標文件為gdbtest break 5 run set x=5 c q 而我們調試使用的命令就簡單了,直接使用gdb -x gdbtest.sh 即可!注:程序概要分析工具是分析代碼性能的工具。
gcov可以統計:
每一行代碼的執行頻率實際上哪些代碼確實被執行了每一段代碼(section code)的耗時(執行時間)因此,gcov可以幫你優化代碼,當然這個優化動作還是應該有開發者完成。
我們繼續使用第一章中的gdbtest.c文件,使用gcov時候,在編譯時使用 gcc -g3 -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage gdbtest.c
[cpp] view plain copy<span style="font-size:18px">#ls gdbtest.c gdbtest.sh #gcc -g3 -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage gdbtest.c <-------- 使用-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage 參數添加gcov信息,其實可以不使用-g參數,我示例中需要使用gdb調試,所以添加了 #./a.out x is less than 4 #gcov gdbtest File‘gdbtest.c’ 已執行的行數:83.33% (共 6 行) Creating 'gdbtest.c.gcov' # cat gdbtest.c.gcov -: 0:Source:gdbtest.c -: 0:Graph:gdbtest.gcno -: 0:Data:gdbtest.gcda -: 0:Runs:1 -: 0:Programs:1 -: 1:#include "stdio.h" 1: 2:int main() <----------- "1"為本行運行次數 -: 3:{ 1: 4: int x=3; 1: 5: if(x<4) 1: 6: printf("x is less than 4/n"); -: 7: else #####: 8: printf("x is biger than 4/n"); <-----------"#####"代表此行未運>行 1: 9:} # #gdb ./a.out -command=gdbtest.sh <-------- 使用上面的腳本調試,其 實我們的目的是運行 else ,然后看區別! GNU gdb (GDB) 7.5-ubuntu Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i686-linux-gnu". For bug reporting instructions, please see: <http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>... Reading symbols from /home/long/gcovtest/a.out...done. Breakpoint 1 at 0x80489dd: file gdbtest.c, line 5. Breakpoint 1, main () at gdbtest.c:5 5 if(x<4) x is biger than 4 [Inferior 1 (process 10165) exited with code 01] #gcov gdbtest <----------- 多運行幾次a.out或者 使用腳本,后想重新看看最新的測試代碼覆蓋率,需要重新 gcov gdbtest File‘gdbtest.c’ 已執行的行數:100.00% (共 6 行) Creating 'gdbtest.c.gcov' #cat gdbtest.c.gcov -: 0:Source:gdbtest.c -: 0:Graph:gdbtest.gcno -: 0:Data:gdbtest.gcda -: 0:Runs:2 -: 0:Programs:1 -: 1:#include "stdio.h" 2: 2:int main() -: 3:{ 2: 4: int x=3; 2: 5: if(x<4) 1: 6: printf("x is less than 4/n"); <----------- 使用腳本運行時,此>行未執行,所以還是運行了1次 -: 7: else <----------- 其實本行else是運行>過一次的,但是gcov 統計時把本行與下一行打印放在一起計時的! 1: 8: printf("x is biger than 4/n"); 2: 9:} # </span>注:
【1】陳浩專欄: "用GDB調試工具"
一、 http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2879
二、http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2880
三、http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2881
四、http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2882
五、http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2883
六、http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2884
七、http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/2885
【2】http://blog.csdn.net/zhujinghao09/article/details/8461543
【3】http://blog.csdn.net/ganggexiongqi/article/details/8846001
【4】http://blog.csdn.net/yukin_xue/article/details/7653482
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